Category Archives: Building Wealth

Roth IRA

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The Roth IRA has become a darling of retirement savings accounts. Although funded with after-tax dollars, Roths offer tax-free withdrawals of contributions and earnings in retirement (so long as the account holder is 59½ or older and has held the account for at least five years). Plus, such funds can continue to accrue tax-free indefinitely during the owner’s lifetime because they’re not subject to the required minimum distributions (RMDs) starting at age 73 that are mandated from tax-deferred retirement accounts.

But there’s a catch: For 2023, only savers with incomes at or below $153,000 ($228,000 for married couples filing jointly) can contribute to a Roth IRA. And even then, contributions are limited to $6,500 per year ($7,500 if age 50 or older), though that limit is reduced if your income falls between $138,000 and $153,000 (between $218,000 and $228,000 if married).

The income limits on Roth contributions increased for 2024, which means savers with income at or below $161,000 ($240,000 for married couples filing jointly) can contribute to a Roth IRA. Also, for 2024, the contribution limit increased to $7,000 per year ($8,000 if age 50 or older), though that limit is reduced if your income falls between $146,000 and $161,000 (between $230,000 and $240,000 if married).

“Unfortunately, the income limits on Roth IRAs make it difficult for many higher-income individuals to contribute directly to these accounts,” said Hayden Adams, CPA, CFP®, director of tax and wealth management at the Schwab Center for Financial Research. However, with some planning, even high earners can contribute to a Roth account and reap its benefits. Let’s look at four strategies to consider.

1. Roth 401(k)

If your employer offers this option with no income limits, you can set aside up to $23,000 ($30,500 if age 50 or older) in after-tax contributions in 2024. Unlike Roth IRAs, Roth 401(k)s require RMDs—at least for 2023 and earlier. Starting in 2024, you’ll no longer need to take annual distributions under the SECURE 2.0 Act.

2. Roth conversion

Like a traditional IRA, those with savings in a tax-deferred account can convert some or all of that balance to a Roth IRA and pay ordinary income tax on the converted amount.1 As a result, you might choose to spread out the conversion over multiple years to manage the associated tax bill better. (If your traditional IRA includes both pre- and after-tax contributions, the converted amount will be taxable in proportion to the pretax value of the account, known as the pro rata rule.2)

“But before doing a Roth conversion, remember that once done, it can’t be undone,” said Hayden, “and each conversion will be subject to a separate 5-year holding period rule.”

3. Backdoor Roth

If you earn too much to make deductible contributions to a traditional IRA, you can still make after-tax contributions up to the annual limit and then convert them to a Roth. As with all Roth conversions, the pro rata rule applies.

4. Mega-backdoor Roth IRA

Before you begin, could you verify with your employer’s retirement plan administrator that your plan allows contributions of after-tax dollars above and beyond the annual contribution limit and withdrawals while you’re still working (which are required to perform the final step below)? If it does:

  • First, max out your normal 401(k) contributions.
  • Next, contribute after-tax dollars up to the overall limit of $69,000 ($76,500 if age 50 or older) in 2024, regardless of income. Take note: The rules will change in 2026 under the SECURE 2.0 Act, which mandates that those earning more than $145,000 a year (indexed to inflation) will have to put their catch-up dollars in a Roth 401(k)—which means those contributions will be after-tax, though their withdrawals in retirement will be tax-free.3
  • Finally, make an irrevocable transfer of the after-tax funds into a Roth IRA—the sooner, the better, since any earnings will become taxable once rolled over.

“Some of these strategies, especially the mega-backdoor Roth, can be complex, so I recommend seeking the assistance of a tax or financial professional if you’re interested in pursuing them,” said Hayden.

1Pre-tax contributions to your traditional account and any income or appreciation from those funds will be subject to taxes when converted to a Roth account. After-tax contributions will not be taxed upon conversion.

2Pro rata rules may apply. Please take a look at the IRS Notice 2014-54 for more.

3If you take a distribution of Roth IRA earnings before you reach age 59½ and before the account is five years old, the earnings may be subject to taxes and penalties.

Chop Wood; Carry Water

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The phrase “chop wood, carry water” has deep wisdom and multiple layers of meaning, according to Copilot:

  1. Enlightenment Happens on the Inside:
  2. Value of Hard Work and Persistence:
  3. Mindfulness and Gratitude:
  4. Yearning for Escape:
  5. Before and After Enlightenment:
    • The quote contrasts life before and after enlightenment. The external actions—chopping wood and carrying water—remain the same. However, the internal shift transforms how we perceive and experience these actions. It’s a reminder that true change occurs within5.
    • Takeaway: Seek inner transformation alongside external tasks.
  6. Embracing the Journey:
    • Whether mundane or profound, every task contributes to our journey. Chopping wood and carrying water symbolize life’s ordinary moments. Embrace them fully, knowing they shape your path toward greater understanding and enlightenment.
    • Takeaway: Every step matters; find purpose in the journey.

Remember, these meanings intertwine, and the phrase invites personal reflection. So, as you go about your day, consider the wisdom of “chop wood, carry water.” 🌿

Net Income vs. Free Cash Flow

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The world of free cash flow (FCF) and net income are intriguing. These two financial metrics often dance around each other, but they’re not quite the same:

  1. What Is Net Income?
    1. Net income (profit or earnings) represents the bottom line on a company’s income statement. It’s the total profit a company has made after accounting for all expenses, taxes, and interest.
    2. Net income is calculated as:
      Net Income=Total Revenue−Total Expenses
  2. What Is Free Cash Flow (FCF)?
    1. FCF is a powerful metric that goes beyond net income. It measures the cash a company generates from its operations minus the necessary capital expenditures (like buying new equipment or expanding facilities).
    2. FCF considers both cash inflows (from operating activities) and cash outflows (such as asset investments).
    3. The formula for FCF is:
      FCF=Cash Flow from Operations−Capital Expenditures
  3. Why Might FCF Be Higher Than Net Income?
    1. FCF can exceed net income for several reasons.
    2. Non-Cash Expenses:
      1. Depreciation and amortization are non-cash expenses that reduce net income but don’t directly impact cash flow. If these expenses are significant, FCF can be higher.
      2. Working Capital Changes: Changes in working capital (like accounts receivable, inventory, and accounts payable) affect cash flow. If a company efficiently manages its working capital, FCF can surpass net income.
      3. Capital Expenditures: FCF can be higher if a company has minimal capital expenditures (e.g., it doesn’t need to invest heavily in new equipment).
      4. Timing Differences: FCF considers the actual timing of cash flows, whereas net income is based on accrual accounting. Timing differences can lead to variations between the two.
  4. Why Does It Matter?
    1. Investment Decisions: Investors often focus on FCF because it reflects a company’s ability to generate usable cash. Higher FCF means more flexibility for growth, dividends, or debt reduction.
    2. Sustainability: A company with consistently positive FCF is better positioned to weather economic downturns or invest in future projects.

Media Perception: Media reports often emphasize net income, but understanding FCF provides a deeper insight into a company’s financial health.

Remember, while net income is essential, FCF tells us whether a company can use that income to fuel growth or weather storms. So, next time you analyze financial statements, watch net income and FCF—they’re like two dancers performing different moves on the same stage!

The Magic Number Rises

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More Americans say they don’t feel financially secure…rising inflation and incomes that aren’t keeping pace get most of the blame. ~ Northwestern Mutual

The “magic number” for retirement has surged in recent years thanks to high inflation. According to Northwestern Mutual’s 2024 Planning & Progress Study, Americans now believe they need $1.46 million in savings and investments to retire comfortably.

Yet, this number reveals more about Americans’ anxiety than precise planning. We often overestimate our financial needs

This ‘magic number’ figure has leaped 15% in a year and an astonishing 53% since 2020. Meanwhile, retirement savings have dwindled to a mere $88,000.

The “Silver Tsunami” of retirement approaches, with millions of Baby Boomers riding the waves into retirement.

Track and prioritize your spending is vitally critical. This involves prioritizing the spending that’s most important to you and letting things that are less important fall off. You’re saying no to some things so that you can say yes to others. You might even want to employ loud budgeting.

Loud budgeting gives you permission to say no to social engagements by saying you don’t have the money for it. To put loud budgeting to work, you commit yourself and share that you’re doing it. Loud budgeting lets you spend money on true priorities while skipping things that won’t really provide or align with your values and priorities.

Loud budgeting can be a simple way to push back when you’ve spent too much. But it works best when it starts with a solid budget and a financial plan that helps you balance future goals with what you need for today. The idea isn’t to say no to everything, but loud budgeting should help you say no when needed.

Ultimately, your financial goal is to have more income coming in each month than expenses going out.

But make sure that you’re thoughtful about your spending so that you feel good about what you’re getting when those dollars leave.

Source:

  1.  https://news.northwesternmutual.com/planning-and-progress-study-2024
  2. https://www.northwesternmutual.com/life-and-money/what-is-loud-budgeting/

Retirement Planning

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Planning for retirement is a way to help you maintain the same quality of life in the future.

You should start retirement planning as early as financially and emotionally possible, like in your early twenties or thirties. The earlier you start, the more time your money has to grow.

That said, it’s never too late to start retirement planning, so don’t feel like you’ve missed the proverbial boat if you haven’t started.

Keep in mind, every dollar you can save now will be much appreciated later. Strategically investing could mean you won’t be playing catch-up for long.

Additionally, retirement planning isn’t merely about counting the days until you hang up your work boots and calculating your magical financial number.

It’s about ensuring that your golden years exudes comfort, financial security, personal relationships, meaning and purpose. Here are five financial steps to guide you as you prepare for career and life transition:

  1. Know When to Start: Determine when you want to retire. Will it be an early retirement at 62 or a grand finale at full Social Security benefits age (around 67)? Remember, the earlier you claim Social Security, the less you will receive monthly, but delaying it can enhance your benefits.
  2. Calculate Your Magic Number: Calculate how much wealth or nest egg you need to sustain your desired lifestyle. Consider living expenses, healthcare costs, and the joys you wish to indulge in during retirement.
  3. Prioritize your financial goals: Pay off debts, build your savings, downside if necessary, and calculate your monthly expenses.
  4. Choose Your Accounts: Explore retirement accounts. Will it be a 401(k), an IRA, or both? Each has tax advantages, contribution limits, and investment options. Mix and match wisely.
  5. Invest Wisely: Your investments must propel you toward your financial destination. In your youth, invest aggressively. As you approach the retirement, dial back to a more conservative mix.

Whether you’re a few decades or a few years away from retirement, having a plan can help you feel confident that you’ll be prepared when the time finally arrives.

Source: https://www.nerdwallet.com/article/investing/retirement-planning-an-introduction

Small-Cap and Micro-Cap Stocks

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Small-cap and micro-cap stocks outperform large-cap counterparts in the long term but show particular strength after economic shakiness

A small-cap stock is defined as shares of a company with a market capitalization between $300 million and $2 billion.

Small-cap stocks offer an attractive risk-reward profile, as these companies usually have a higher growth potential than large-cap stocks. Although small-cap stocks have a high amount of volatility, they appear to be lucrative bets when the economy is expected to boom.

Micro-cap stocks represent companies with a market capitalization between $50 million to $300 million. Micro-cap stocks have a world of potential. Often they are in niche markets with emerging business ideas or technologies, so there’s a massive growth window for a company that can manage to it its stride.

Also, micro-cap stocks aren’t nearly as well-known as the blue-chip names. If you’re an astute investor, you can get in early before the average investor buys in.

Small-cap and micro-cap stocks are inherently more volatile than those blue-chip established names. That means potentially greater reward and greater risk. To invest in these micro-cap stocks, you should have a pretty high risk tolerance and be ready to ride the waves.

Most companies start out as small-caps or micro-caps, but by continually growing their earnings, their share prices appreciate. This can increase the market capitalization (share price times shares outstanding) of the company to large, or even mega-sized, while investors along for the ride reap the profits.

Big names like Microsoft, Apple and Amazon were all small-caps at one point. But not all small-caps flourish like those giants have. Many fail or stop growing, which means losses or little profit for investors. Great companies reveal themselves over many years and decades by continually producing quality earnings and sales growth.

You can find the best small-cap stocks by looking for companies with strong earnings and sales growth. Analysts must also be forecasting continued growth into the future. In addition, weed out companies with erratic earnings or that are issuing shares excessively, which dilutes earnings and shareholders’ equity.

All stocks should trade on U.S. exchanges, have a share price above $2, a market cap between $250 million and $2.5 billion and have three-month average daily volume of at least 200,000 shares.

Expected EPS growth. Companies are only included if analysts predict at least 7.0% yearly average growth over the next five years. Current-year EPS growth is also expected to be positive (above 0%).

Recent EPS and sales growth. Earnings and sales have increased an average of at least 7.0% per year over the last five years. Earnings were also higher than the prior year for each of the last three years.
Profitable. All stocks on this list have had positive earnings for the last three years.
This methodology focuses on companies that are already profitable. While unprofitable companies can see their share prices rise too, profitable and growing companies have already proven they can do it. It is a less speculative way to play this segment of the market, as opposed to hoping a struggling company can eventually turn it around.

investing in stocks is all about returns, the next step when analyzing small cap stocks is to see how their performance differs from large or mega cap behemoths.

Purchasing Power Risk

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“Inflation is taxation without legislation.”

Inflation reduces the value of money held by the public, similar to a tax. The impact of inflation on purchasing power acts as a hidden cost on consumers’ wealth.

Inflation functions like a tax because it diminishes the real value of money. When prices rise, the same amount of currency buys less, effectively reducing people’s wealth if their income doesn’t increase at the same rate. This erosion of purchasing power affects everyone who holds money, making it a universal ‘tax’.

However, unlike traditional taxes imposed by governments, which are debated and legislated, inflation can occur without any direct legislative action. It’s often the result of complex economic factors, including monetary policy decisions by central banks, supply and demand dynamics, and changes in production costs.

Purchasing power risk, also known as inflation risk, refers to the potential decrease in the value of money over time due to inflation. When inflation occurs, the general price level of goods and services rises, meaning that each currency unit can buy fewer items than before. This risk is particularly relevant for investors holding cash or fixed-income securities, as the real return on their investments may be reduced when inflation is high.

In simpler terms, if you have a certain amount of money today, you might be able to buy a basket of goods with it. However, if prices increase over time due to inflation, that same amount of money will buy you a smaller basket of goods in the future. This erosion of purchasing power can affect not only personal finances but also investment returns and overall economic health.

Central banks often adjust interest rates to try to control inflation and maintain the currency’s purchasing power. One common measure of purchasing power in the U.S. is the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which tracks the average price change over time for a basket of goods and services, including transportation, food, and medical care3. Monitoring CPI and other economic indicators can help individuals and policymakers understand and mitigate the impact of purchasing power risk.

Source:  https://haikhuu.com/education/purchasing-power-risk

2024 SoFi NBA Play-In Tournament

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The 2024 SoFi NBA Play-In Tournament will include teams with the 7th through 10th-highest winning percentages in each conference and take place April 16-19.

The SoFi NBA Play-In Tournament will determine the teams that fill the seventh and eighth playoff seeds in each conference for the 2024 NBA playoffs.

The Play-In Tournament will take place Tuesday, April 16 – Friday, April 19, with the games played after the regular season concludes and before the first round of the NBA playoffs begins.

While the teams that finish Nos. 1-6 in the standings of each conference are guaranteed a playoff spot, the teams that finish Nos. 7-10 in the standings will enter the Play-In Tournament. These teams will battle for the seventh and eighth playoff seeds.

Each conference’s No. 7 team in the standings will host the No. 8 team. The winners secure the No. 7 seed in the playoffs. The losers will get another chance to earn a playoff spot.

Each conference’s No. 9 team in the standings will host the No. 10 team. The winners will advance to the final stage of the Play-In Tournament. The losers are eliminated.

The losers of the No. 7 vs. No. 8 matchups will host the winners of the No. 9 vs. No. 10 matchups. The winners secure the No. 8 seed in the NBA playoffs for its conference. The losing teams are eliminated.

If the regular season ended after games played on April 7, the matchups would be:

Western Conference:  (7) Pelicans vs. (8) Kings and (9) Lakers vs. (10) Warriors

Eastern Conference:  (7) 76ers vs. (8) Heat and (9) Bulls vs. (10) Hawks