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Inflammation and COVID-19

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Stay Away From Anything That Causes Inflammation

Medical experts are conveying to avoid anything that causes inflammation during this coronavirus pandemic, but some people have genes that make them more likely to experience inflammation. In 2019, scientists discovered that the coronavirus can trigger an inflammatory response making the symptoms and illness more severe .

From mild stress to chronic health conditions, inflammation can and will wreak havoc on your body and mind. Inflammation is caused by a complex mix of genetic and environmental factors, which can make it very difficult to address – especially while you’re suffering from exhaustion, depression, or any other inflammation-related symptoms.

Excessive immune response related to COVID-19

Every week, more is being learned about the incredible physiological harm that the coronavirus is capable of doing to those infected. This is the critical reason why this virus should not be taken likely.

Some clinicians suspect the driving force in many gravely ill patients’ downhill trajectories is a disastrous overreaction of the immune system known as a “cytokine storm.” Cytokine storm is a hyperinflammatory condition caused by an overactive immune system.  According to scientific research, a cytokine storm is a driving force in COVID-19 mortality rates.

Cytokines are chemical signaling molecules that guide a healthy immune response; but in a cytokine storm, levels of certain cytokines soar far beyond what’s needed, and immune cells start to attack healthy tissues. Blood vessels leak, blood pressure drops, clots form, and catastrophic organ failure can ensue. This can cause inflammation and damage to the lungs and other organs.

Corticosteroids

Doctors have used a class of medicines called corticosteroids – including one called dexamethasone – to help tame that response. These are medications that have been around for a long time and are readily available. “We know this medication very well. It’s been used for many other purposes, and we know the side effects profile and what it can do to the body,” pulmonary and critical care physician Lokesh Venkateshaiah, MD says.

Its use to treat COVID-19 stems from the success of the RECOVERY trial carried out by researchers in the United Kingdom. In the study, hospitalized patients with COVID-19 who received dexamethasone for up to 10 days were less likely to die than those who didn’t. That benefit was only seen in very sick patients – those who had oxygen levels less than 93% or needed supplemental oxygen.

But, doctors have to be careful with dosing. “Overdoing it with this drug ­can potentially put patients at risk for new infections, especially bacterial infections, or even fungal infections,” Dr. Venkateshaiah cautions.

COVID-19 fatigue

Yet after more than ten months, Americans are getting COVID-19 fatigue. Much of the current rise in COVID-19 infections is due to community spread. Taking precautions to prevent the spread of COVID-19 is critical, particularly as the virus continues to evolve.

Your best defense to avoid serious illness and against the physiological harm caused by COVID-19 is to remain vigilant. You must continue to wear a mask, maintain physical distancing and disinfect high-touch surfaces daily. Additionally, you must get vaccinated for the seasonal influenza, wash your hands regularly and stay away from others if you are feeling ill.

COVID-19 vs Seasonal Influenza

COVID-19 symptoms generally appear two to 14 days after exposure. And, with COVID-19, you may experience loss of taste or smell. COVID-19 is more contagious and spread more quickly than the seasonal flu. Severe illnesses, such as lung injury, may be more frequent with COVID-19 than with the flu. The death rate also appears to be higher with COVID-19 than the flu.

Wearing masks

Wearing a cloth mask has been shown to help decrease the spread of COVID-19. Research shows that a significant number of people who have COVID-19 do not have any symptoms and are considered asymptomatic. These people may not know they are transmitting the virus to others when they talk, sneeze or cough, or raise their voice, such as with singing or shouting.

You should wear a cloth mask to reduce the chance of transmitting respiratory droplets to others around you. You wear a mask to protect others, and they wear a mask to protect you.

References:

  1. https://get.selfdecode.com/gene-reports/nm/inflammation/?utm_source=selfhacked&utm_medium=partnerad&utm_campaign=inflammation_report
  2. https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-q-and-a-7-top-covid-19-myths/
  3. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/do-any-drugs-really-work-as-coronavirus-treatments/amp/?__twitter_impression=true

Staying Optimistic

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“Staying positive does not mean everything will turn out okay. Rather, it means you will be okay no matter how things turn out.” — Unknown

If there is one key message from this calendar year, it’s to always stay optimistic about your present circumstances and future prospects.  While it has been challenging for everyone in calendar year 2020 and much of the world went into lockdown for a good portion of the year, business and life managed to continue. Americans’ ability to adapt to a new “work-from-home” reality, aided by video conferencing software, made that possible despite the challenges of the pandemic.

“Choose to be optimistic, it feels better.”—Dalai Lama

Thus, it is important to keep a more positive outlook in life and try, as difficult as it may seem, not to focus on the many negative things that surround us.  One simple and effective method regarding tuning out the negative bombardment is to disengage from social media and ignore the entertainment media sensationalize news.

Positive Quotes During Quarantine

Holiday season

During times of stress, it’s especially important to set time aside for self-care.

Although celebrating this holiday season will look and feel different, know that ongoing public health efforts to manage the pandemic eventually will succeed. So, it’s important to stay upbeat and positive that choices made today will help everyone in the future.

Furthermore, this holiday season is a great opportunity to connect (or reconnect) with family and friends, and share some much-needed positivity and hope.  Just because things are dramatically different this year does not mean that it’s a disappointment. It’s just different.

Eventually, everyone will be able to get back together to celebrate the season with the usual traditions, but maybe some new traditions will have been learned along the way, as well.

“To live a fulfilled life, we need to keep creating the ‘what is next’, of our lives. Without dreams and goals there is no living, only merely existing, and that is not why we are here.” —Mark Twain

In that vein, it’s important to never discount human resiliency and American ingenuity. Through every crisis, new successes have emerged. General Electric was launched in 1892 by Thomas Edison as the nation was heading into the Panic of 1893. In 1929, Disney emerged during the Great Depression. Hewlett-Packard was founded in 1939 right after the recession of 1937–1938, when GDP declined by approximately 19%. Fred Smith started FedEx at the end of the 1969-1970 recession, when many companies were hesitant about spending money on new products and services, commented Craig Sawchuk, Ph.D., co-chairs the Division of Integrated Behavioral Health at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. The worst of times is often when the entrepreneurial spirit is most creative.

In his 2005 commencement address at Stanford University, Steve Jobs said, “You can’t connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something — your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.”

People will be reflecting on the year 2020 for decades. However, you need to trust that with a positive outlook, you will become a better person and a more prudent investor because of the challenges you faced over the past year.

Staying optimistic and staying healthy are the very best things you can do during the upcoming holiday season.  Furthermore, keep those who have been affected directly by the pandemic in your thoughts and prayers, and show gratitude to those who are putting themselves and their health at risk to keep this country and world moving forward.

References:

  1. https://communityhealth.mayoclinic.org/featured-stories/navigating-holiday-season/?utm_source=ECHwebsite&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=navigating-holiday-season&utm_content=Twitter
  2. https://www.kiplinger.com/investing/601852/8-investing-lessons-learned-in-2020

Craig Sawchuk, Ph.D., co-chairs the Division of Integrated Behavioral Health at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. He is a professor of psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science. 

Herd Immunity and the Vaccine

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Herd immunity occurs when a large portion of a community ― the herd ― becomes immune to a disease, according to the Mayo Clinic. This makes the spread from person to person unlikely. As a result, the whole community becomes protected — not just those who are immune.

Two paths to herd immunity — vaccines and infection.

Vaccines create immunity without causing illness or resulting complications. Herd immunity makes it possible to protect the population from a disease, including those who can’t be vaccinated, such as those with compromised immune systems.

Herd immunity can also be reached when a sufficient number of people in the population have recovered from a disease and have developed antibodies against future infection.

Experts estimate that 70% of the U.S. population — more than 200 million people — would have to recover from COVID-19 to create herd immunity and halt the epidemic. This amount of infection could lead to serious and potentially long-term complications and millions of deaths.

Since the risk of developing dangerous symptoms from COVID-19 may be greater in people who are older (over 65) or in people of any age who have other serious underlying health problems, such as heart or lung conditions, weakened immune systems, severe obesity, or diabetes. And if many people become seriously ill with COVID-19 simultaneously, the nation’s health care system could quickly become overwhelmed.

Until there is widespread COVID-19 vaccinations, it’s crucial to slow the spread of the COVID-19 virus and protect individuals at increased risk of severe illness, including older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions. To reduce the risk of infection:

  • Avoid large events and mass gatherings.
  • Avoid close contact (within about 6 feet, or 2 meters) with anyone who is sick or has symptoms.
  • Stay home as much as possible and keep distance between yourself and others (within about 6 feet, or 2 meters) if COVID-19 is spreading in your community, especially if you have a higher risk of serious illness. Keep in mind some people may have the COVID-19 virus and spread it to others, even if they don’t have symptoms or don’t know they have COVID-19.
  • Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.
  • Wear a cloth face covering in public spaces where it’s difficult to avoid close contact with others, especially if you’re in an area with ongoing community spread. for health care providers.
  • Cover your mouth and nose with your elbow or a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Throw away the used tissue.
  • Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth.
  • Avoid sharing dishes, glasses, bedding and other household items if you’re sick.
  • Clean and disinfect high-touch surfaces, such as doorknobs, light switches, electronics and counters, daily.
  • Stay home from work, school and public areas if you’re sick, unless you’re going to get medical care. Avoid public transportation, taxis and ride-sharing if you’re sick.

To reduce the spread of COVID-19, everyone needs to continue to use masks, exercise proper hand hygiene, limit travel, avoid congregating, and maintain appropriate social distancing. 

References:

  1. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/herd-immunity-and-coronavirus/art-20486808

National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day, 2020

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On the morning of December 7, 1941, seventy nine years ago, Imperial Japanese naval and air forces launched an unprovoked and devastating attack on Naval Station Pearl Harbor on the Hawaiian island of Oahu.

Tragically, 2,403 Americans perished were killed during the attack, including 68 civilians.

On this National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day, America solemnly honors and uphold the memory of the men and women who lost their lives that day — “a date which will live in infamy” — and we reflect on the courage of all those who served our Nation with honor and valor in the Second World War.

On this National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day, let’s recall the phrase “Remember Pearl Harbor,” which stirred the fighting spirit within the hearts of the more than 16 million Americans who courageously served in World War II. Over 400,000 gave their lives in the global conflict that began, for America, on that fateful Sunday morning of December 7, 1941.

Source: https://www.nps.gov/valr/learn/historyculture/national-pearl-harbor-remembrance-day.htm

COVID-19 Vaccine Safe…Skepticism High Among Americans

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Gallup polling shows about six in ten Americans are willing while four in ten Americans remain skeptical about taking a coronavirus vaccine

Polling has shown that there is lingering skepticism among Americans in taking the vaccines. Most cite the fact that the vaccine has been produced in months rather than the years it normally takes as the reason for the skepticism.

A Gallup poll released November 17, 2020, found Americans’ willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19 rebounded. Fifty-eight percent (58%) of Americans in the latest poll say they would get a COVID-19 vaccine, up from a low of 50% in September while 42% of Americans would not agree to get a vaccine approved by the Food and Drug Administration. A plurality of the latter said the rushed timeline was a concern. Others cited a need to confirm it is safe or effective. Twelve percent said they generally don’t trust vaccines.

Globally, 61% of the world strongly agree with the statement, “vaccines are safe”, according to Gallup.

Unfounded fears about vaccine safety

“The process of the speed did not compromise, at all, safety, nor did it compromise scientific integrity,” Dr. Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said. “It was a reflection of the extraordinary scientific advances in these types of which allowed us to do things in months that actually took years before.”

Former Presidents Barack Obama, George W. Bush and Bill Clinton have all indicated that they will publicly take the coronavirus vaccine once approved and as soon as available to them, based on the priorities determined by public health officials in an effort to promote the vaccine’s use and safety.

Public health officials face an uphill climb in convincing a good share of the American public that the vaccine is safe and to receive the vaccination.

References:

  1. https://www.11alive.com/article/news/health/coronavirus/obama-coronavirus-vaccine/507-43ebe52f-3ad5-45e1-916f-1386f6eda819?utm_campaign=snd-autopilot
  2. https://news.gallup.com/poll/325208/americans-willing-covid-vaccine.aspx

Return Kids to In-Person Classroom

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Many parents are rightfully concerned that their kids are not receiving the quality of educational services that schools are required, by law, to provide when school districts implement a 100% virtual learning or hybrid classroom model [that ask students to come to school on alternating days] options.

The American Academy of Pediatrics’ (AAP) contends that based on experience and research, remote learning is likely to result in severe learning loss and increased social isolation. Social isolation, in turn, can breed serious social, emotional and health issues: “child and adolescent physical or sexual abuse, substance use, depression, and suicidal ideation. Furthermore, these impacts will be visited more severely on Black and brown children, as well as low-income children and those with learning disabilities.”

Children are safer in their schools. And, there are lots of kids in this country who are, for example, food insecure, who may be experiencing abuse at home — not to mention the obvious academic benefits of simply being in school. We know that remote learning is just not that good.

Nation’s Pediatricians support in-person schooling

The AAP guidance “strongly advocates that all policy considerations for the coming school year should start with a goal of having students physically present in school.” Their guidance says “schools are fundamental to child and adolescent development and well-being.”

The AAP cites “mounting evidence that transmission of the coronavirus by young children is uncommon, partly because they are less likely to contract it in the first place. Tests showed lower coronavirus rates in schools than in their surrounding communities.”

The guidance for in-person schooling includes recommendations to maintain physical distancing, cleaning and disinfection of classrooms, frequent hand-washing, and using outdoor spaces whenever possible.

Largest school system

New York City’s Mayor Bill de Blasio plans to reopen the city’s public elementary schools and return to partial in-person learning. The plan is to reopen schools at the pre-k and K5 levels because “we have so much proof now of how safe schools can be” amid the contagion”, de Blasio remarked.

Yet, concern remains at what is the critical amount of community transmission that is at a safe enough level to open schools.

Parents and schools responsibilities

Schools are requiring parents to attest to the fact that their children are not showing symptoms and that they took their temperature in the morning prior to the student arriving at school.

Additionally, many schools are segregating kids into what they’re calling cohort groups, so that the same small group of 10 or 12 kids will stay together all day. That way, if there is a reported infection from one of those kids, then ideally you’re only contact tracing and quarantining that group instead of every child in the building.

Furthermore, students will be socially distanced and will be wearing masks. The challenge of footprint and the ability to space out desks remains a challenge for most schools. Some schools have put those kids in the gymnasium or had to start holding class outside, but that often requires more teachers.

“There seems to be less transmission from kids to adults than there is adults to adults. Kids don’t seem to be super-spreaders”, said Pediatrician Aaron Carroll of Indiana University. “We don’t have reports of sort of, you know, a kid going somewhere and spreading it to a bunch of other kids or even a bunch of other adults.”

Public health experts and infectious disease experts agree that we all have to do the right thing if we plan to send our kids back to school.

References:

  1. https://www.npr.org/2020/07/15/891598558/is-school-safe-will-districts-test-for-covid-19-answering-back-to-school-questio
  2. https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/146/3/e20201440
  3. https://nypost.com/2020/11/29/nyc-elementary-schools-to-reopen-for-in-person-learning-dec-7/
  4. https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/american-academy-of-pediatrics-says-benefits-of-in-person-learning-outweigh-coronavirus-risks/ar-BB16b9W9

The importance of bonds

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High-quality bonds still serve an important purpose in most investors’ portfolios even in a low interest rate environment. This lesson was reinforced after the market plummeted in March 2020.

While preaching portfolio diversification with both stocks and bonds has become a cliché, investors experienced the benefits of this approach earlier this year. In March, when the S&P 500 fell over 12%, investment grade bonds were down only 0.6% during the same time period.

A simple diversified portfolio with just 60% in U.S. large cap stocks and 40% in investment grade bonds would be down a more modest 7%. Minimizing volatility also reduces panic selling, which is one way to help all investors stay the course of investing for the long term.

Owning high-quality fixed income provided a psychological benefit by minimizing volatility, which helped investors keep their emotions in check. It also gave investors a buffer from which to withdraw money if their income was reduced due to the state of the economy. Since bonds fluctuate much less than equities, they could sell a bond, instead of their stocks at steep losses, to help make ends meet.

Finally, bonds also provide attractive rebalancing opportunities that may improve one’s return over time.

The benefits of own bonds in one’s portfolio can help keep investors on track toward achieving their financial goals despite the tumult in the markets.

Trading vs. Investing

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Trading and investing are two approaches to participating in the stock market. Each approach brings its own opportunities and risks

  • Investing involves buying an asset you expect will rise in value over the long term, with the goal of long-term gains.
  • Trading, on the other hand, is about timing market short term moves and buying and selling stocks within a short period for quick returns.

With trading, you’re hoping to earn quick returns based on short-term fluctuations in the market and stock price. Long-term investors, in contrast, tend to build diversified portfolios of assets and stay in them for the long term through the ups and downs (volatility) of the market.

Investing basics

Investing is geared towards managing and growing wealth in the market over a longer period of time like years or even decades. This means buying securities with a long-term outlook in mind and holding them through both market ups and downs until you reach your financial goal or are near the end of your investment time horizon.

Investing involves putting money into a financial asset (stocks, bonds, mutual or exchange-traded fund, etc). that you expect will rise in value over time. Investors generally have a long time horizon and predominantly look to build wealth through gradual appreciation and compound interest.

Diversification (owning a mix of investments) is important for investors as it can reduce their risk — mainly by mitigating the effects of volatility.

Trading basics

Trading is all about making frequent, short-term transactions with the goal of “beating the market,” or generating greater returns than you’d expect to receive by buying and holding over a longer time frame.

Trading involves buying and selling stocks or other securities in a short period of time with the goal of making quick profits. While investors typically measure their time horizon in years, traders think in terms of weeks, days, or even minutes.  

Two of the most common forms of trading are day trading and swing trading. Day traders buy and sell a security within the same trading day; positions are never held overnight. Swing traders, on the other hand, buy assets that they expect will rise in value over a matter of days or weeks.

Trading can be a risky endeavor for the uneducated and unskilled trader. If a trade goes against you, you can lose a lot of money in a short period of time. If you have a low risk tolerance and want to avoid volatility, investing will be the way to go. But if you’re more of a risk-taker and would like the chance to earn bigger returns, trading could be appealing.

https://twitter.com/jrdorkin/status/1332382094048202753?s=21

Takeaway

Although the terms — trading and investing — are often used interchangeably: trading focuses on short-term buying and selling, while investing involves buying and holding securities for an extended period of time.

If you’re comfortable with the risks, trading a portion of your money can be rewarding and could lead to higher returns. If reducing risk and volatility are your main goals, then you’ll want to stick with long-term investing to build wealth.

References:

  1. https://www.ally.com/do-it-right/amp/investing/trading-vs-investing/?__twitter_impression=true
  2. https://www.businessinsider.com/trading-vs-investing

Cyber Security for Small Business – Social Engineering

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Social engineering is a cyber criminals favorite way to manipulate and attack small businesses

Small businesses remain extremely exposed to cyberattacks. And, cybersecurity remains one of the primary operational risks for most small businesses . Similarly, many small businesses demonstrate problematic cybersecurity practices in their daily operations.

Almost 60 percent of business executives report an increase receipt of suspicious email over the past year, proving an increasing cyber concern for small businesses. Adapting new technology system without proper knowledge or preparation is another problem of small businesses that may lead to preventable problems like small business owners that may refrain from two-step factor authorization during password setups on a site.

To avoid becoming a victim,  it is important for small businesses to implement proper security measures. From consequences that unpreparedness can bear to reasons behind small businesses as targets, prioritizing cyber-security is extremely critical as hackers get much smarter and more determined.

Cyber security weakest link

People are the weakest link when it comes to cyber security, which is why psychological manipulation of cyber attack victims is so common. Phishing scams, for instance, is an effective form of social engineering in email format that can be sneakily disguised as arriving from legitimate sources. This can fool employees into clicking a virus-filled link.

Social engineering is the psychological manipulation of people into performing actions or divulging confidential information. This is used to gather information, initiate cyber fraud, or gain unauthorized IT system access.

Preventing an attack

For small businesses, there are plenty of ways on preventing cyber-attacks – from enforcing simple measures or hiring specialized teams to stay alert on the issue. Along with employing IT teams/specialists, training workers on the current dangers of cyber-security is a necessity as it can avert various issues (such as phishing scams as mentioned earlier). Installing security software and investing in proper cyber-security insurance is also vital in securing businesses from these attacks.

With the extent of small business being large targets for attackers, acquiring proper cyber-security is becoming increasingly important and a necessity, particularly in 2020. As small businesses adopt remote work methods, risks and dangers arise, proving that implementing proper precautions like an IT team or training results to be beneficial.

There are many effective practices that small businesses can implement to address selected cybersecurity risks while recognizing that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to cybersecurity. It is recommended that small businesses consider implementing the following effective practices:

  • Developing identity and access management protocols for staff, including managing the granting, maintenance and termination of access to business and customer data;
  • Limiting access only to their own customers’ data and related reports;
  • Setting minimum password requirements and multi-factor authentication for access to systems and applications employees, vendors, contractors and other insiders;
  • Prohibiting the sharing of passwords among firm staff;
  • Prohibiting the storage of sensitive customer or data in unapproved or prohibited locations (e.g., a file server, cloud provider or thumb drive and without encryption or transmitted without encryption);
  • Establishing minimum encryption standards for all hardware used to access firm systems, including laptops, desktops, servers, mobile devices and removable media devices;
  • Requiring adherence to minimum encryption standards for data-in-transit, such as emails and file transfers that include customer sensitive information;
  • Ensuring only secure, encrypted wireless settings for office and home networks;
  • Maintaining regular patching, anti-virus protection, anti-malware and operating system updates for all computers and servers that access data in a manner that is consistent with industry standards;
  • Developing physical security protocols for all portable devices used to access data and systems, including laptops and mobile devices;
  • Mandating all vendors meet business’ security requirements, especially if the data or other sensitive information will be accessed or maintained by the vendor; and
  • Creating processes and selecting approved vendors for the secure disposal of hard copy records and firm computer hardware (e.g., hardware listed in the firm’s inventory) that may contain sensitive information.

References:

  1. https://cyber-security.mytechmag.com/cyber-security-for-small-businesses-is-important-now-1379.html
  2. https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/636083/10-alarming-cybersecurity-facts/#:~:text=%2010%20alarming%20cybersecurity%20facts%20%201%20There,are%20more%20than%203%20billion%20active…%20More%20

Plans for First COVID Vaccines | Reuter’s

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Nationwide coronavirus deaths hit the highest number for a single day in six months.

Vaccination of Americans against the coronavirus will begin as early as mid-December. And, some 60 million to 70 million doses of COVID-19 vaccine could be available per month beginning in January, after the regulatory approval of products from Pfizer Inc (PFE) and Moderna Inc (MRNA), said Moncef Slaoui, a former GlaxoSmithKline executive who is overseeing the vaccine portion of the U.S. program.

A Food and Drug Administration panel of outside advisers will meet next week on December 10, 2020, to discuss whether to recommend emergency use authorization of the Pfizer vaccine, developed with BioNTech. Moderna’s (MRNA) vaccine candidate is expected to be reviewed a week later.

“Some 20 million people could be inoculated against COVID-19 by the end of 2020 and most Americans will have access to highly effective (near 95% efficacy) vaccines by mid-2021”, said the chief adviser of the President’s Operation Warp Speed program .

“Within 24 hours, maybe at most 36 to 48 hours, from the approval, the vaccine can be in people’s arms,” Slaoui said.

An estimated 21 million healthcare workers and 3 million residents of long-term care facilities are expected to be first in line to receive the vaccine, according to a recommendation voted on by a CDC panel of advisers

References:

  1. https://mobile.reuters.com/article/amp/idUSKBN28B5DH?__twitter_impression=true
  2. https://www.msn.com/en-au/lifestyle/wellbeing/us-plans-for-first-covid-vaccines-as-pandemic-deaths-surge-again/ar-BB1bwJf5